Bersh, P. J. (2001). The molarity of molecular theory and the molecularity of molar theory. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 75, 348-350.

Dinsmoor (2001) rejects shock-frequency reduction as a reinforcer for avoidance behavior, and considers this to be an invalidation of so-called molar avoidance theory. This is a narrow view of operant avoidance theory, for which shock-frequency reduction is by no means the only reinforcer.

Key words: avoidance, molecular, molar, operant, frequency reduction, two-factor theory, shock