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1. Further examination of factors that influence preference for positive versus negative reinforcement.
isLibSubscript } ?. Tiffany Kodak, Dorothea C. Lerman, Valerie M. Volkert, & Nicole Trosclair (2007). Further examination of factors that influence preference for positive versus negative reinforcement.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 40, 25-44. Factors that influence choice between qualitatively different reinforcers (e.g. a food item or a break from work) are important to consider when arranging treatments for problem behavior. P
2. Tests of behavioral-economic assessments of relative reinforcer efficacy II: economic complements.
Madden, G.J. Smethells, J.R. Ewan, E.E. & Hursh, S.R.2007) Tests of behavioral-economic assessments of relative reinforcer efficacy II: economic complements. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 88, 355-367. This experiment was conducted to test the predictions of two behavioral-economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. The normalized demand analysis suggests that characteristics of averaged normalized demand c
3. On loss aversion in capuchin monkeys.
Silberberg, A. Roma, P.G. Huntsberry, M.E. Warren-Boulton, F.R. Sakagami, T. Ruggiero, A.M. & Suomi, S.J. (2008) On loss aversion in capuchin monkeys. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 89, 145-155. Chen, Lakshminarayanan, and Santos (2006) claim to show in three choice experiments that monkeys react rationally to price and wealth shocks, but, when faced with gambles, display hallmark, human-like biases that include loss aversion.
4. The treatment of anxiety-depression via positive reinforcement and response cost.
Reisinger, J. J. (1972). The treatment of anxiety-depression via positive reinforcement and response cost.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 125-130. A target behavior program, structured within a token economy project, was implemented to modify the behavior of an institutionalized patient who exhibited excessive rates of crying and no smiling responses. To affect both responses concurrently, token costs were made contingent upon cryi
5. The use of programmed materials in the analysis of academic contingencies.
Brigham, T. A. Finfrock, S. R. Breunig, M. K. & Bushell, D. Jr. (1972). The use of programmed materials in the analysis of academic contingencies.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 177-182. Programmed handwriting materials were used to examine the effects of different reinforcement contingencies on the academic performance of six public school kindergarten children. The children's responses to these materials provided an edu
6. Programming generalization and maintenance of treatment effects across time and across settings.
Walker, H. M. & Buckley, N. K. (1972). Programming generalization and maintenance of treatment effects across time and across settings.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 209-224. Effects of three experimental and one control strategy were investigated in facilitating generalization and maintenance of treatment effects after two months in a token-economy classroom. At the conclusion of treatment, subjects were rand
7. Modification of consonant speech-sound articulation in young children.
Johnston, J. M. & Johnston, G. T. (1972). Modification of consonant speech-sound articulation in young children.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 233-246. A series of three experiments was performed in a classroom setting with small groups of young children with severe articulation problems. Variations on a basic token reinforcement procedure were demonstrated in each experiment. A combined multiple baseline/revers
8. The effects of token reinforcement and feedback on the delusional verbal behavior of chronic paranoid schizophrenics.
Wincze, J. P. Leitenberg, H. & Agras, W. S. (1972). The effects of token reinforcement and feedback on the delusional verbal behavior of chronic paranoid schizophrenics.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 247-262. Prior research with token reinforcement in the psychiatric population has been directed at work adjustment, more than at major symptomatic behaviors. The purpose of the present research, on the other hand, was to
9. Intrinsic reinforcers in a classroom token economy.
McLaughlin, T. F. & Malaby, J. (1972). Intrinsic reinforcers in a classroom token economy.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 263-270. An inexpensive, easily managed token economy was used in a normal classroom for one academic year, and data were collected for the entire academic performance in spelling language, handwriting, and math for that year. During a baseline period, assignment completion was variable. The intr
10. An analysis of timeout and response cost in a programmed environment.
Burchard, J. D. & Barrera, F. (1972). An analysis of timeout and response cost in a programmed environment.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 271-282. A group of mildly retarded adolescents with high rates of antisocial behavior was exposed to two parameters of timeout and response cost within the context of a programmed environment. For five of the six subjects, the two higher values (30 tokens response cost or 30 min timeout) were si
11. Reward, cost, and self-evaluation procedures for disruptive adolescents in a psychiatric hospital school.
Kaufman, K. F. & O'Leary, K. D. (1972). Reward, cost, and self-evaluation procedures for disruptive adolescents in a psychiatric hospital school.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 293-309. Sixteen pupils in a psychiatric hospital were assigned to two tutorial reading classes and balanced on six pupil characteristics and teacher preferences for the children. The effects of reward and cost procedures in a token program were a
12. Reducing and measuring inappropriate verbalizations in a token classroom.
McLaughlin, T. & Malaby, J. (1972). Reducing and measuring inappropriate verbalizations in a token classroom.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 329-333. A procedure was employed that enabled a teacher to bring inappropriate verbalizations under control in a classroom of approximately 25 fifth- and sixth-grade students. Contingent point loss for inappropriate verbalizations was correlated with a low but steady rate of such verbalizations.
13. Behavioral economics: Areas of cooperative research between economics and applied behavioral analysis.
Kagel, J. H. & Winkler, R. C. (1972). Behavioral economics: Areas of cooperative research between economics and applied behavioral analysis.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 335-342. The current research methods of behavioral economics are characterized by inadequate empirical foundations. Psychologists involved in the experimental analysis of behavior with their research strategies and their experimental technology,
14. The token economy: An evaluative review.
Kazdin, A. E. & Bootzin, R. R. (1972). The token economy: An evaluative review.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 343-372. Token economies have been applied in a wide range of settings. While there are several advantages to the use of this procedure, there are obstacles that may impede its implementation and therapeutic efficacy. These include: staff training, client resistance, circumvention of the contingencies, and non-responsive
15. Item preference in a token economy ward store.
Ruskin, R. S. & Maley, R. F. (1972). Item preference in a token economy ward store.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 373-378. Token spending by 20 schizophrenic patients was monitored over a six-month period. It was found that: (1) token expenditures for cigarettes and edibles far surpassed other store item categories; and (2) percentage increases in token expenditures were greatest for categories of items relating to appearance and gr
16. Parametric effects of reinforcement frequency, amount of reinforcement, and required response force on sheltered workshop behavior.
Schroeder, S. R. (1972). Parametric effects of reinforcement frequency, amount of reinforcement, and required response force on sheltered workshop behavior.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 431-441. Three experiments involving parametric manipulation of reinforcement contingencies were performed with retardates in an automated Sheltered Workshop token economy. Experiment I showed that with amount of reinforcement held constant, work
17. Effects of reinforcement on standardized test performance.
Ayllon, T. & Kelly, K. (1972). Effects of reinforcement on standardized test performance.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 477-484. The effects of two different motivational conditions upon standardized test performance were explored for two student populations. The first study involving 12 trainable retardates showed a significant increase in score on the Metropolitan Readiness Test given under reinforcement conditi
18. The home point system: Token reinforcement procedures for application by parents of children with behavior problems.
Christophersen, E. R. Arnold, C. M. Hill, D. W. & Quilitch, H. R. (1972). The home point system: Token reinforcement procedures for application by parents of children with behavior problems.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 485-497. Parent-child problems within the home are frequently reported to be instances in which children refuse to help with household chores, bicker among themselves, or engage in verbally inappro
19. The noneffects of contingent reinforcement for attending behavior on work accomplished.
Ferritor, D. E. Buckholdt, D. Hamblin, R. L. & Smith, L. (1972). The noneffects of contingent reinforcement for attending behavior on work accomplished.. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 7-17. Past studies have shown that disruptive behavior can be eliminated and attending behavior accelerated in an academic setting. The relationship between these behaviors and academic performance is not well understood. The effects of behavioral
20. Achievement place: The reliability of self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior.
Fixsen, D. L. Phillips, E. L. & Wolf, M. M. (1972). Achievement place: The reliability of self-reporting and peer-reporting and their effects on behavior.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis,. 5, 19-30. The reliability of the boys reporting their own behavior and the behavior of their peers was measured in two experiments at Achievement Place, a community based, family style, behavior modification program for delinquents based on a token (
21. Choice in a successive-encounters procedure and hyperbolic decay of reinforcement.
Mazur, James E. (2007) Discriminated timeout-avoidance in pigeoChoice in a successive-encounters procedure and hyperbolic decay of reinforcementns. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 88, 73-85. Pigeons responded in a successive-encounters procedure that consisted of a search state, a choice state, and a handling state. The search state was either a fixed-interval or mixed-interval schedule presented on the center key of a three-key
22. Choice in a successive-encounters procedure and hyperbolic decay of reinforcement.
Mazur, J. E. (2007) Choice in a successive-encounters procedure and hyperbolic decay of reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 88, 73-85. Pigeons responded in a successive-encounters procedure that consisted of a search state, a choice state, and a handling state. The search state was either a fixed-interval or mixed-interval schedule presented on the center key of a three-key chamber. Upon completion of the search state
23. Do adjusting-amount and Adjusting-delay procedures produce equivalent estimates of subjective value in pigeons? .
Green, L. Myerson, J. Shah, A.K. Estle, S.J. & Holt, D.D.2007) Do adjusting-amount and Adjusting-delay procedures produce equivalent estimates of subjective value in pigeons? Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87, 337-347. The current experiment examined whether adjusting-amount and adjusting-delay procedures provide equivalent measures of discounting. Pigeons’ discounting on the two procedures was compared using a within-subject y
24. Tests of behavioral-economic assessments of relative reinforcer efficacy: economic substitutes.
Madden, G.J. Smethells, J.R. Ewan, E.E. & Hursh, S.R. (2007) Tests of behavioral-economic assessments of relative reinforcer efficacy: economic substitutes. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87, 219-240. This experiment was conducted to test predictions of two behavioral-economic approaches to quantifying relative reinforcer efficacy. According to the first of these approaches, characteristics of averaged normalized demand curves
25. Local effects of delayed food.
Davison, M. & Baum, W.M. (2007) Local effects of delayed food. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 87, 241-260. Five pigeons were trained on a procedure in which seven concurrent variable-interval schedules arranged seven different food*rate ratios in random sequence in each session. Each of these components lasted for 10 response-produced food deliveries, and components were separated by 10-s blackouts. We varied delays to food (si


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